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QM311  .F75  Questions  on  the  str 


QUESTIONS 


ON 


THE  STRUCTURE  AND  DEVELOPMENT 


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Wi 


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FOR  THK  USE  OF 


DENTAL  STUDENTS. 


BY 


C.  L.  FORD,  M.  D., 

Prol^ssorof  Anatomy  and  Pliysiology  in  the  University  of  Michigan. 


ANN  ARBOR: 

FISKE  &  DOUGLAS,  BOOKSELLERS  AND  STATIONERS 
1876. 


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Columbia  ®ntt)er^ftp 

College  of  ^fjpsiicians;  anb  ^urgeonsf 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/questionsonstruOOford 


QUESTIONS 


-ON- 


THE  STRUCTURE  AND  DEVELOPMENT 


-OF- 


The  Human  Teeth 


FOR  THE  USE  OF 


DENTAL  STUDENTS. 


BY 


C.  L.  FORD,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  University  of  Michig-an. 


ANN  ARBOR: 

FISKE  &  DOUGLAS,  BOOKSELLERS  AND  STATIONERS. 
1876. 

Dr.  Chase's  Steam  Printing  House,  Ann  Arbor. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1876, 

By  C.  L.  ford,  M.  D., 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Wasliington. 


PREFATORY    REMARKS. 


In  preparing  the  series  of  questions  here  jjrinted,  for  the  use 
of  students  in  the  Dental  College,  or  any  others  desiring  a  knowl- 
edge of  these  important  subjects,  lam  actuated  by  a  conviction 
that  the  average  student  will  acquire  the  desired  information 
more  rapidly,  and  that  it  Avill  be  more  definite,  than  if  he  i)ursue 
the  ordinary  course. 

The  time  and  facilities  allowed  me  for  this  work  have  not 
permitted  me,  by  any  means,  to  exhaust  the  subjects  on  which 
he  should  possess  information ;  but  I  hope  the  example  set,  of 
definiteness  of  aim,  will  influence  his  further  search  after  truth, 
and  thereby  contribute  to  the  qualifications  which  shall  aid  him 
worthily  to  enter  a  useful  and  honorable  department  of  the  great 
healing  art. 

If  asked  why  I  have  not  furnished  answers  to  these  ques- 
tions, I  reply :  I  intend  to  do  so  in  the  Lecture  Room.  And 
besides,  it  is  no  part  of  my  aim  to  supersede  careful  reading,  but 
on  the  contrary  to  encourage  it,  by  suggesting  subjects  on  which 
light  may  be  needed  ;  and  I  would  enlarge  rather  than  abridge  the 
course  of  study,  and  greatly  regret  that  time  and  facilities  do  not 
allow  us  to  investigate  tlie  comparative  anatomy  of  teeth  far 
beyond  the  few  questions  that  I  have  raised,  for  the  very  act  of 
cojnparing  teeth  adds  clearness  and  definiteness  to  the  knowledge 
of  our  own. 

I  advise  that,  so  far  as  possible,  every  student  shall  seek  to 
verify,  by  his  own  observation,  the  truth  of  statements  made, 
fully  assured  that  by  this  means,  the  knowledge  thus  acquired, 
becomes  more  completely  a  jjart  of  his  permanent  information. 

If  I  have  raised  questions  to  which,  in  some  cases,  a  concise 
and  satisfactory  answer  cannot  be  given,  I  direct  attention,  awa- 
ken thought,  and,  in  due  time,  further  investigation,  till  doubtful 
questions  are  settled  by  more  successful  research. 

I  have  incorporated  a  few  questions  on  topics  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  the  teeth,  and  believe  they  will  be  found  serviceable 
to  the  student. 


PREFATORY    REMARKS. 

The  result,  to  those  who  have  used  my  "  Questions  on 
Anatomy,"  justifies  the  belief  that  this  hastily  prepared  man- 
ual— notwithstanding  deficiencies — will,  if  carefully  used  in  con- 
nection with  good  text-books,  greatly  promote  an  acquaintance 
with  Anatomy  and  Physiology — which  precede  Pathology,  as 
Pathology  j^recedes  the  wise  adoption  of  appropriate  remedies. 

I  thei'efore  here  present  for  use  these  aids  to,  and  not  substi- 
tutes for,  industry. 

C.  L.  FORD. 

University  of  Michigan, 

Dental  College, 

Ann  Arbor,  Jan.  1,  1876. 


G^^ 


QUESTIONS  ON  TEETH. 


What  is  teething? 

What  are  teeth  ? 

How  many  sets  of  teeth  ? 

By  what  different  names  are  they  known? 

How  many  teeth  in  each  set  ? 

What  classes  of  teeth  in  the  first  set  ? 

Name  the  classes  in  the  second  set  ? 

How  many  in  each  class  of  each  set  ? 

In  a  typically  perfect  set  of  teeth  what  relation  do  the  crowns 

bear  to  each  other? 
Will  the  neck  of  any  tooth  touch  another? 
In  closing  the  jaws  what  crowns  will  rest  against  each  other? 
Describe  more  fully  the  relations  of  cusps  of  upper  and  lower 

molars  to  each  other? 
What  will  be  the  position  of  the  crown  of  incisors  ? 
Do  lower  incisors  ever  project  beyond  the  upper  ? 
Which  of  the  two  jaws  is  the  wider? 
Why  does  the  width  of  jaws  differ  so  much  in  the  horse  ? 

The  Alveolar  Process. 

What  and  where  is  the  alveolar  process  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  ot  alveoli  ? 

What  structure  forms  the  alveolar  process  ? 

When  is  this  process  developed  ? 

What  becomes  of  it  on  the  removal  of  teeth? 

In  the  forming  stage  does  it  closely  invest  the  tooth  ? 

Do  teeth  and  alveolar  process  ever  form  bony  union  ? 

What  membrane  lines  the  sockets  in  alveolar  process? 

What  kind  of  membrane  envelops  the  roots  of  teeth? 

What  is  the  nature  and  degree  of  union  between  them  ? 

What  retains  the  teeth  with  conical  Iroot  in  the  socket? 

How  are  molars  usually  retained  after  maceration  ? 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 

What  are  the  different  parts  of  each  tooth  ? 

Describe  briefly  the  crown  of  a  tooth. 

Where  and  what  is  the  neck  of  a  tooth  ? 

Does  enamel  cover  the  neck  of  a  tooth  ? 

Where  are  the  roots  of  teeth  situated  ? 

What  is  attached  to  the  neck  of  a  tooth  ? 

What  envelops  the  root  of  a  tooth  ? 

Give  the  number  of  roots  in  the  different  teeth  ? 

Describe  the  crown  of  an  incisor  tooth. 

Describe  that  of  the  cuspidati. 

Why  are  the  bicuspid  teeth  so  called  ? 

How  do  the  upper  and  lower  bicuspids  differ  in  form  ? 

Describe  the  crown  of  the  molar  teeth. 

What  is  the  form  of  the  root  in  incisors  and  cuspidati  ? 

How  do  the  roots  of  upper  and  lower  bicuspids  differ? 

Describe  the  roots  of  the  lower  molars  and  their  positions. 

How  are  the  roots  of  the  superior  molars  arranged  ? 

Describe  the  location  and  shape  of  the  pulp  cavity. 

What  kind  of  material  occupies  this  cavity? 

What  are  some  of  the  structures  found  within  it  ? 

What  structures  pass  through  the  root  to  this  cavity  ? 

What  is  the  shape  of  the  canal  in  the  roots  of  teeth  ? 

Vascular  Supply  of  Teetli 
Name  the  two  principal  arteries  supplied  to  the  face. 
By  what  artery  are  the  dental  branches  supplied  ? 
How  does  the  dental  artery  supply  the  lower  teeth  ? 
What  and  where  is  the  dental  canal,  and  how  large  ? 
What  branches  from  the  artery  while  in  the  canal  ? 
Describe  their  course  to,  and  into,  the  roots  of  teeth. 
What  explanation  of  sometimes  obstinate  hemorrhage  ? 
From  what  source  are  the  upper  teeth  supplied  ? 
In  what  way  do  the  branches  reach  the  molars  ? 
From  what  source  are  the  incisors  and  cuspidati  supplied  ? 
What  source  of  hemorrhage  besides  the  artery  to  the  root  ? 
Whence  are  the  arteries  to  the  periosteum  and  the  periodontal 
membrane  derived? 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 

Nervous  Supply  of  Teetli. 

Which  of  the  cranial  nerves  supplies  the  teeth  ? 

Where  do  the  dental  branches  of  nerves  arise  ? 

What  other  branches  from  the  same  nerves  ? 

How  near  the  dental  nerve  are  the  roots  of  lower  molars  ? 

Which  one  has  its  roots  nearest  the  nerve  ? 

Why  is  the  eruption  of  the  third  molar  often  painful? 

Where  is  the  pain  from  that  cause  liable  to  be  felt  ? 

Will  the  removal  of  sound  teeth  arrest  the  pain? 
■'What  is  the  law  of  nerve  influence  in  such  cases? 

How  do  ulcerated  teeth  cause  neuralgia  of  the  face  ? 

Where  is  the  trifacial  nerve  distributed,  and  what  its  function  ? 

Describe  carefully  the  branches  of  the  ophthalmic  division. 

Give  in  detail  the  branches  of  the  superior  maxillary  nerve. 

Describe  in  like  manner  the  branches  of  the  inferior  maxillary. 
-Name  the  four  ganglia  of  the  sympathetic  nerve  associated  with, 
or  most  intimately  related  to  the  trifacial.  Cr: 

Which  of  these  is  located  within  the  orbit,  and  where  ? 

Name  its  principal  nervous  connections. 

Where  is  the  ganglion  of  Meckel  situated?     6^^ 

By  what  other  name  is  it  known  ?     Why  so  called  ? 

Describe  the  principal  branches  to  and  from  it. 
,  Where  is  the  otic  or  Arnold's  ganglion?       d  i-iv 

Describe  the  location  and  connections  of  submaxillary  ganglion  ? 

How  do  diseased  teeth  affect  the  eye  ? 

Which  tooth  is  thought  most  likely  to  be  a  cause  of  trouble  ? 

Does  the  trouble  arise  because  the  tooth  is  near  the  eye,  or  through 
the  nervous  connections  ? 

Does  paralysis  of  parts  ever  arise  from  diseased  teeth  ? 

Is  neuralgia  ever  felt  in  other  nerves  than  the  branches  of  the  tri 
facial,  from  diseased  teeth  ? 

Will  diseased  teeth  cause  neuralgia  after  the  pulp  is  destroyed  ? 

What  is  the  source  of  nervous  supply  to  the  gums  ? 

Will  ulcerated  teeth  cause  sound  teeth  to  ache  while  the  diseased 
ones  are  not  painful  ? 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 

Structure  of  Teeth.. 

Of  what  different  structures  are  teeth  composed  ? 

By  what  other  names  is  dentine  known  ? 

What  part  of  the  tooth  does  dentine  form  ? 

Describe  the  structure  of  dentine. 

What  passages  or  canals  in  dentine? 

What  is  the  immediate  investment  of  the  tube  ? 

What  is  between  these  tubuli  ? 

How  do  the  tubuli  commence  and  terminate  ? 

On  what  general  plan  are  they  arranged  ? 

What  is  the  size  of  dental  tubuli  ? 

In  what  direction  do  they  traverse  dentine  ? 

What  relation  do  they  bear  to  cementum  ? 

What  is  their  relation  to  the  enamel  ? 

What  relation  do  they  bear  to  each  other  ? 

What  is  the  object  of  these  canals  or  tubuli  ? 

Does  healthy  dentine  possess  sensibility  ? 

Does  it  possess  sensibility  if  the  pulp  is  destroyed  ? 

Have  nerve  fibres  been  found  in  these  canals? 

What  proportion  of  animal  matter  in  dentine  ? 

Is  the  proportion  the  same  in  all  ages  ? 

AVhat  is  the  composition  of  its  mineral  ingredients? 

If  a  tooth  be  broken  by  accident  will  dentine  reunite  ? 

Of  tlie  Enamel. 

Where  is  the  enamel  found  ? 

What  proportion  of  animal  matter  in  the  enamel  of  adult  tooth  ? 

What  amount  while  undergoing  development  ? 

What  is  the  chemical  composition  of  enamel  ? 

What  is  the  structure  of  enamel  ? 

What  is  the  usual  shape  of  enamel  fibres  ? 

How  are  they  arranged  upon  the  dentine  ? 

Do  canals  exist  between  the  fibres  ? 

How  is  enamel  united  to  dentine? 

Does  enamel  possess  any  sensibility  or  power  of  repair? 

Is  enamel  covered  on  the  first  eruption  of  a  tooth  ? 


THE  HUMAN  TEETH, 

Of  Cementum. 

By  what  other  names  is  cementum  known  ? 
On  what  part  of  a  tooth  is  it  found,  and  how  arranged? 
What  other  tissue  of  the  body  does  it  resemble? 
What  spaces  does  the  microscope  reveal  within  it? 
Where  is  cementum  thickest,  and  how  thick  usually  ? 
What  element  increases  in  the  enlargement  of  a  root  of  a  tooth? 
By  what  name  is  this  enlargement  usually  known  ? 
Are  Haversian  canals  found  in  cementum  and  exostoses? 
When  and  how  is  cementum  developed? 
What  important  purpose  does  it  serve  for  the  tooth? 
Where  and  what  is  Nasmyth's  membrane? 
What  relation  does  this  bear  to  the  cementum? 
Is  the  nature  and  source  of  Nasmyth's  membrane  satisfactorily  set- 
tled ? 
From  what  source  is  it  developed,  and  for  what  purpose? 
Is  cementum  usually  regarded  as  bone  ? 

Cn  tlie  Stria.ctiare  of  Bone« 

What  are  the  two  constituents  of  bone? 

How  much,  and  in  what  form  is  the  animal  matter  ? 

What  proportion  of  dry  healthy  bone  is  mineral  or  earthy  matter  ? 

What  is  its  composition  on  chemical  analysis? 

What  two  varieties  of  bone  texture  are  recognized  ? 

Where  is  the  cancellated  tissue  found  most  perfect  ? 

Where  is  the  compact  tissue  best  illustrated  ? 

What  is  the  name  and  nature  of  the  investing  membrane  of  bone  ? 

Where  do  blood  vessels  penetrate  bone,  and  where  not  ? 

What  channels  are  found  for  conveying  blood  in  bone? 

How  large  are  Haversian  canals,  and  how  arranged  ? 

How  is  bone  arranged  around  these  canals? 

What  constitutes  an  Haversian  rod  or  ossicle  ? 

What  smaller  spaces  interspersed  among  the  laminae,  and  how 

large? 
What  relation  do  they  bear  to  each  other,  and  to  the  canals? 
What  smaller  channels  does  the  microscope  reveal,  and  how  small? 
What  is  the  purpose  of  these  various  minute  channels  in  bone? 
Are  these  structures  essential  elements  of  true  bone  ? 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 

Of  the  Development  of  Teethe 

How  early  in  foetal  life  is  the  first  preparation  for  the  formation 
of  teeth  apparent  ? 

Where  does  the  first  preparatory  process  commence? 

What  is  first  apparent  in  the  preparation  ? 

On  what  membrane  does  it  make  its  appearance  ? 

What  immediately  succeeds  the  formation  of  the  groove  ? 

Where  are  they,  and  how  many? 

In  what  order  do  these  papillse  appear  ? 

What  constitutes  the  papillary  stage? 

How  long  a  period  does  it  occupy? 

What  progress  is  made  during  it  ? 

What  stage  succeeds  to  the  papillary  ? 

How  long  does  this  stage  continue  ? 

Describe  the  changes  in  the  papillae  during  it. 

Describe  the  changes  in  surrounding  structures? 

What  condition  following  the  follicular  stage  ? 

How  long  time  to  perfect  the  saccular  stage? 

Describe  the  conversion  of  follicle  into  sac. 

What  is  the  condition  at  about  the  sixteenth  week  ? 

What  is  meant  by  primitive  dental  groove  ? 

What  and  where  is  the  secondary  dental  groove  ? 

What  is  meant  by  papilla,  and  what  is  its  structure? 

What  is  understood  by  follicle,  and  how  is  it  formed  ? 

What  and  where  are  the  opercula  and  their  use? 

What  do  you  understand  by  sacculi,  and  how  completed? 

What  is  the  form  of  the  papilla  in  the  sac  previous  to  the  com- 
mencement of  calcification? 

Does  the  papilla  enlarge  after  the  dentine  is  deposited? 

What  constitutes  the  dentine  pulp? 

What  hard  tissue  of  the  tooth  is  first  formed  ? 

Where  is  the  formation  of  dentine  first  commenced  ? 

In  what  manner  does  it  progress? 

How  far  progress  before  another  structure  commences? 

At  what  time  does  dentine  commence  for  the  first  tooth? 

Within  what  number  of  weeks  does  it  commence  in  all  ? 


THE   HUMAN     TEETH. 


Formation  of  Xinamel. 

What  element  of  the  tooth  next  appears  ? 

What  is  meant  by  enamel  pulp,  and  where  located? 

What  is  the  general  appearance  of  this  structure  ? 

What  relation  does  it  bear  to  the  papillae? 

Where  does  the  enamel  first  appear,  and  how  look  then  ? 

How  far  has  dentine  advanced  at  that  time  ? 

Describe  the  progress  of  dentine  in  forming  the  crown. 

Describe  in  like  manner  the  formation  of  enamel. 

Do  these  two  tissues  advance  simultaneously? 

How  far  has  the  tooth  developed  when  the  enamel  is  completed  ? 

Where  is  the  crown  of  the  tooth  during  this  time? 

What  is  the  condition  of  the  jaw  at  this  time? 

Is  the  tooth  loosely  or  closely  enveloped  at  this  time  ? 

What  is  the  relative  vascularity  of  surrounding  parts? 

Does  the  papilla  or  pulp  extend  beyond  the  growing  tooth,  or 
simply  keep  pace  with  it  in  elongating? 

What  is  the  fourth  stage  of  tooth  development  ? 

In  what  manner  is  the  eruption  accomplished  ? 

What  is  the  usual  condition  of  the  gum  just  previous  to  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  tooth  through  it  ? 

How  is  lancing  the  gum  sometimes  beneficial  ? 

When  the  crown  of  a  central  incisor  appears  through  the  gum 
what  is  the  condition  of  its  root  ? 

How  early  are  the  roots  of  incisor  teeth  completed  ? 

At  what  age  are  the  roots  of  temporary  molars  completed  ? 

Is  the  tooth  firm  in  the  socket  when  it  first  appears  ? 

Describe  the  progress  of  change  till  the  tooth  is  finished  ? 

What  becomes  of  the  papilla  as  the  tooth  grows? 

What  remains  of  it  in  the  fully  formed  tooth  ? 

What  element  surrounds  the  tooth  below  the  enamel? 

Where  is  this  thinnest,  and  where  thickest? 

At  what  time  is  the  cementum  formed? 

What  is  the  cemental  pulp,  and  where  is  it  situated  ? 

When  is  the  eruption  of  the  first  set  completed  ? 

At  what  age  is  their  development  completed? 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 


Development  of  Permanent  Teetli. 

How  early  is  preparation  made  for  permanent  teeth? 

Where  is  the  process  first  observed  ? 

What  is  the  first  provision  that  can  be  discerned  ? 

What  is  the  secondary  dental  groove  ? 

Where  is  it  situated,  and  how  does  it  appear? 

What  is  the  next  change  observed  ? 

What  change  occurs  in  the  position  of  these  papillae  ? 

What  position  do  they  finally  come  to  occupy  before  birth  ? 

Where  are  these  teeth  so  far  as  formed  at  two  years  of  age  ? 

How  and  where  is  the  follicle  for  the  first  permanent  molar  de- 
developed  ? 

How  is  that  for  the  second  molar  formed,  and  where  ? 

How  and  where  does  the  third  molar  appear? 

Are  permanent  teeth  developed  like  the  temporary? 

Is  there  any  essential  difference  in  the  process? 

How  early  in  uterine  life  does  the  formation  of  dentine  commence 
in  the  permanent  teeth  ? 

In  what  tooth  is  the  process  first  observed  ? 

How  early  does  it  commence  in  the  incisors  ? 

When  does  it  commence  in  the  cuspidatis? 

When  does  it  begin  in  the  bicuspids  ? 

At  what  time  in  the  second  molar? 

How  many  teeth  and  rudiments  in  the  jaws  at  the  sixth  year  of 
age? 

What  one  has  not  yet  commenced  ? 

When  does  the  eruptive  stage  of  permanent  teeth  begin  ? 

At  what  age  is  it  usually  completed  ? 

Are  teeth  fully  consolidated  when  they  first  appear? 

Is  the  retention  of  the  temporary  teeth  important  in  relation  to 
the  well-being  of  the  permanent  set  ? 

What  are  your  reasons  for  the  answer  given  ? 

Are  authorities  fully  agreed  on  this  subject? 

In  what  way  are  the  temporary  teeth  removed  ? 

Through  what  means,  or  in  what  manner  are  the  roots  absorbed? 

Is  there  direct  contact  of  the  new  tooth  with  the  first  one? 

If  the  second  tooth  be  retarded  is  the  first  longer  retained  ? 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH.  1 3 


QUESTIONS  ON  SOME  COLLATERAL  SUBJECTS 


On  Bones  of  the  Head. 

What  is  the  number  of  bones  of  the  head? 

How  are  they  divided,  and  the  number  in  each  division? 

Give  the  name  and  position  of  each  cranial  bone? 

What  general  purpose  do  they  serve? 

What  are  the  bones  of  the  face,  and  which  are  single  ? 

Describe  the  nasal  bones — position  and  articulations? 

Where  are  the  malar  and  what  part  of  the  orbit  do  they  form  ? 

Describe  the  position  and  articulations  of  the  lachrymal  bone. 

What  portion  of  the  face  do  the  superior  maxillary  bones  form  ? 

How  many  and  what  surfaces  upon  this  bone  ? 

What  fossa  on  its  facial  surface,  and  what  muscle  arises  there  ? 

What  small  canals  within  this  part  of  the  bone  ? 

What  foramen  opening  above  the  canine  fossa? 

What  vertical  ridge  on  this  surface,  and  how  caused  ? 

What  fossa  above  the  incisor  teeth,  and  what  muscle  attached  there  ? 

What  projection  above  that  fossa?     What  is  attached  to  it? 

Describe  the  zygomatic  surface  of  this  bone? 

What  openings  on  that  surface,  and  for  what  use  ? 

What  name  is  given  to  the  superior  surface  of  the  bone  ? 

What  portion  of  the  orbit  does  it  form,  and  how  shaped  ? 

What  groove  and  what  canal  on  this  surface  ? 

Where  do  they  commence  and  terminate  ? 

What  nerve  is  found  within  them  and  appearing  on  the  face  ? 

What  and  where  is  the  fourth  surface  of  the  bone? 

What  portion  of  the  nasal  boundary  does  it  form  ? 

What  opening  in  the  nasal  surface,  and  how  large  ? 

To  what  cavity  does  that  opening  lead? 

Of  tlie  Maxillary  Sinus. 

What  is  the  antrum  or  maxillary  sinus? 

How  large  is  that  cavity,  and  what  is  its  general  shape? 

How  thick  is  the  bone  surrounding  it? 

What  is  the  general  appearance  of  the  floor  of  the  antrum  ? 


14 


THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 


What  relation  do  the  roots  of  the  teeth  bear  to  it? 

Do  the  roots  of  the  teeth  penetrate  the  floor  of  the  antrum  ? 

How  many  teeth  have  roots  near  the  antrum? 

What  kind  of  membrane  Hues  the  antrum  ? 
V  What  is  the  purpose  of  this  cavity  ? 

Does  the  cavity  exist  at  birth  ? 

When  and  how  is  the  cavity  formed  ? 

Is  the  opening  into  it  within  reach  for  treatment  of  disease? 

If  opened  through  tooth  socket  which  is  most  favorable  ? 

How  many  and  what  processes  on  upper  maxillary  bone? 

Where  is  the  nasal  process  and  with  what  does  it  unite  ? 

Where  and  what  union  with  malar  bone  ? 

Where  and  of  what  shape  is  the  palatine  process? 

How  much  of  the  hard  palate  does  it  form  ? 

What  foramen  at  its  anterior  part  and  how  arranged  ? 
.'.'What  passes  through  that  foramen. and  in  what  direction  ? 

What  bone  completes  the  hard  palate  posteriorly  ? 

What  is  the  fourth  process  of  the  upper  maxillary  bone  ? 
^  How  much  of  the  bone  is  properly  so  called  ? 

What  position  does  the  palate  bone  occupy  ? 

What  nerve  passes  through  posterior  palatine  foramen  and  where 

'         is  it  distributed  ? 

What  part  of  the  nasal  boundary  does  the  palate  bone  form  ? 

Where  is  the  inferior  turbinated  bone  located  ? 
•1  Describe  its  shape  and  attachments  and  covering? 

What  is  meant  by  anterior  and  posterior  nares? 

Wliat  surrounds  the  anterior  nares  ? 

/-What  is  the  form  of  the  posterior  nares  and  how  bounded  ? 

What  bone  forms  the  septum  between  them  ? 

Name  the  shape,  position,  and  articulation  of  the  vomer? 

What  is  meant  by  meatus  of  nose,  and  how  many  are  there  ? 

Name  the  boundaries  of  the  inferior  meatus? 

What  opening  into  it  and  where  is  it  located  ? 

Describe  the  middle  meatus,  boundaries,  shape  and  position  ? 

What  opening  of  most  importance  into  middle  meatus? 

Where  are  the  superior  meati  and  what  separates  them  ? 

What  kind  of  membrane  lines  all  these  surfaces? 

;  What  nerve  supplies  the  nose  for  the  sense  of  smell  ? 

On  what  nerve  does  common  sensation  depend? 


THK    HUMAN    TEKTH.  1 5 


Inferior  Maxillary  Bone. 

What  if  the  condition  of  this  bone  at  birth  ? 

Into  what  parts  is  the  inferior  maxillary  bone  divided  ? 

Describe  the  condyle  and  coronoid  process  of  the  ramus? 

Where  is  the  angle  of  this  bone  and  what  its  form  ? 

What  variation  in  the  angle  at  different  ages? 

What  foramen  in  the  inner  side  of  the  ramus  and  where? 

What  canal  leading  from  it  and  how  far  does  it  extend  ? 

What  foramen  on  the  outer  side  of  the  body  and  where  ? 

Between  what  teeth  is  the  mental  foramen  ? 

What  structures  traverse  the  dental  canal  ? 

What   parts   are  supplied  by  the  nerve   emerging  at  the  mental 

foramen  ? 
How  many  and  what  muscles  are  attached  to  this  bone  ? 
Which  one  possesses  most  interest  to  the  dentist  ? 
Describe  carefully  its  full  attachments  to  this  and  other  bones  ? 

Of  tlie  Muscles  of  Mastication. 

What  are  the  muscles  of  mastication  ? 
Describe  the  temporal  muscle  and  its  location  ? 
Give  its  origin,  insertion,  action  and  shape? 
Describe  in  like  manner  the  raasseter  muscle? 
Give  origin,  insertion  and  action  of  external  pterygoid  ? 
Describe  in  the  same  manner  the  internal  pterygoid  ? 
How  do  their  actions  differ  ? 

What  important  nerve  passes  between  these  two  muscles  ? 
What  nerve  supplies  these  muscles  of  mastication  ? 
What  muscle  forms  the  lateral  boundary  of  the  mouth  ? 
Describe  its  relation  to  other  muscles  and  the  cavity  of  the  mouth  ? 
What  salivary  duct  pierces  it  and  where  ? 
What  nerve  supplies  the  buccinator  and  orbicularis  oris? 
Where  is  the  buccinator  liable  to  interfere  with  artificial  teeth  ? 
What  kind  of  membrane  lines  the  mouth  ?  what  form  of  epithe- 
lium ? 
Describe  the  structure  and  properties  of  mucous  membrane  ? 
'   What  structures  contribute  to  the  formation  of  the  gum  ? 
What  change  occurs  in  the  gum  after  the  loss  of  teeth  ? 
What  is  its  source  of  vascular  and  nervous  supply  ? 


1 6  THE    HUMAN    TEETH. 

Of  Saliva. 

What  glands  furnish  the  saliva  ?  what  is  their  structure  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  gland  and  where  situated  ? 

What  is  its  excretory  duct  and  where  is  it  located  ? 

Describe  its  commencement,  course  and  termination  ? 

Where  is  the  submaxillary  gland  situated  and  how  covered  ? 

What  and  where  is  its  excretory  duct  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  mouth  does  it  terndnate  ? 
^-Describe  the  sublingual  gland  and  its  location  ? 

Where  and  by  how  many  ducts  is  its  secretion  discharged  ^ 
/  Wliat  other  source  of  a  part  of  the  secretion  of  the  mouth  ? 

What  is  the  estimated  amount  furnished  a  day? 
.  What  variation  in  properties  as  supplied  by  different  glands? 

Under  what  circumstances  is  saliva  secreted  ? 

Do  all  the  glands  secrete  simultaneously? 
1-  What  are  the  normal  properties  of  saliva? 

What  changes  are  observed  as  the  result  of  disease  ? 

How  does  a  disordered  saliva  affect  the  teeth  ? 

What  solid  ingredients  does  saliva  furnish? 

What  is  meant  by  salivary  calculus  ? 

What  do  you  understand  by  tartar  upon  the  teeth  ? 

Name  its  source  and  properties  ? 

In  what  way  are  teeth  affected  by  tartar  ? 

A  T&w  Questions  on  the  Comparative  Anat- 
omy of  Teetli. 

t  How  are  dental  tissues  arranged  in  the  teeth  of  carnivora? 
-fHow  are  they  arranged  in  the  molar  teeth  of  a  horse? 

What  plan  is  adopted  in  the  teeth  of  the  ox  and  sheep  ? 

What  kind  of  surface  results  from  this  arrangement  ? 

What  tissues  exist  in  the  teeth  of  fishes  ? 

Is  there  direct  union  of  teeth  and  jaw  in  fishes  ? 

Are  there  teeth  on  other  than  maxillary  bones  in  fishes? 

How  are  teeth  arranged  in  the  shark  ? 

What  is  the  plan  of  arrangement  in  the  alligator  ? 

How  are  the  teeth  structures  in  the  molar  of  an  elephant  ? 

How  do  the  teeth  of  a  mastodon  and  an  elephant  differ  ? 

What  substitute  for  teeth  in  birds? 


Date  Due 

^ 

Qi^3ii 


F75 


Ford 
Questions  on  the  structure  and  devel^ 
opment  of  the  human  teeth 


i  1 1 


